Elusive protein points to mechanism behind hearing loss

January 2010

Editor: We've commented before on the rate at which researchers are making discoveries that have the potential to result in treatment for hearing loss. Here's the latest news from Rockefeller University.

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A serendipitous discovery of deaf zebra fish larvae has helped narrow down the function of an elusive protein necessary for hearing and balance. The work, led by Rockefeller University's A. James Hudspeth, suggests that hearing loss may arise from a faulty pathway that translates sound waves into electrical impulses the brain can understand.

"These zebrafish larvae were originally pegged for another study, but then we saw that one-fourth of them failed to respond to acoustic stimuli and made erratic spiraling movements, and that suggested that they were born deaf," says first author Michelle R. Gleason, who spearheaded the project. "So we took this opportunity to examine what could be responsible for this extreme hearing loss."

At first, Gleason and Hudspeth, head of the Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, didn't detect any structural defects in the zebra fish's inner ear, which houses sound sensors called hair cells. The cells are adorned with height-ordered hair-like projections called stereocilia, which, when deflected toward the tallest member, set in motion a series of events that decodes sounds into a neural code. "It was such a clean phenotype," says Gleason. "Everything about the mutants' inner ear seemed normal."

But something was clearly amiss. Even though the deaf zebra fish had hair cells, several tests used to measure their presence and function made it seem as if these hair cells might as well not be there.

By comparing the genomes of normal zebra fish and the deaf ones, the team mapped the affected DNA and then zeroed in on the precise gene, which encodes for the protein Tmie. The gene had two mutations, resulting in a severely shortened protein that affected the function of the hair-like sensors, leading to hearing loss.

Using powerful electron microscopy techniques, Gleason and her colleagues confirmed previous findings in mice studies that showed abnormalities in the hair cells. The deaf zebra fish had fewer and shorter kinocilia as well as a reduced number of stereocillia. But the researchers also found that the tips of the stereocilia were much thinner than normal stereocilia and lacked a tethering protein that connects one stereocilium to the next. The findings, says Gleason, suggest that Tmie plays a bigger role in the transmission of sound than previously thought.