Volume 23 Issue 7

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- Article 1: Patterns in the Employment and Vocational Rehabilitation of Hard of Hearing Persons - A WSD Workshop - Part 1
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This is part 1 of 2 parts. Part 2 will be presented next week.

This workshop described an intensive study of employment characteristics of hard of hearing (HOH) people. It was presented by Dr. John Schroedel and Dr. Douglas Watson of the University of Arkansas Research and Training Center (RRTC) for Persons who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.

The information presented in this workshop is preliminary to a final report that will be presented in Washington in May. This is noteworthy in itself, because the Federal government has funded many studies on this and related topics, but this is the first to deliver a final report! Dr. Schroedel reported that this is the most challenging study he has ever undertaken.

This study can legitimately claim to represent the hard of hearing population in the US, because of the way the study was conducted. Rather than basing their research on a self-selected group of hard of hearing people (such as SHHH members or ALDA members) this study located participants by making phone calls to 66,000 randomly selected telephone numbers throughout the United States. From those calls roughly a thousand hard of hearing people were identified. The names and addresses of 807 were verified, and 313 of those completed the survey forms. Of these 220 were workers.

Participant Characteristics

Survey participants had the following characteristics:
- The hearing loss of 75% started during their working years, with 50% starting between the ages of 19 and 44, and 25% starting between 45 and 64.
- Most people had a slowly progressive hearing loss.
- 68% had mild to moderate hearing loss and 32% had severe to profound hearing loss.
- 33% used personal listening devices, primarily hearing aids.
- The average age was 52 and the average length of employment with the current employer was 14 years.
- 27% had high school diplomas or less, 33% had attended college, but had not obtained a degree, 22% had Associate's or Bachelor's Degrees, and 18% had advanced degrees, licenses, and/or certificates.
- 62% were in professional, managerial, technical, sales, or clerical jobs
- 37% were supervisors
- All worked with hearing persons - co-workers, supervisors, or customers.

Assertive vs. Passive Behaviors

Most respondents were assertive in the employment setting, as evidenced by the following responses:
- 84% said they remind their bosses to give them important news
- 79% said they volunteer for extra work
- 75% ask co-workers to inform them of important news that they may miss
- 70% say they work harder than others
- 69% say they ask questions to help them understand
- 63% say they make extra efforts to make friends

A significant portion of respondents also reported a variety of passive behaviors:
- 59% do not tell others when they do not understand them
- 59% pretend to understand when they really don't
- 48% hide their anger when they are left out
- 47% do not participate when they can't hear
- 46% avoid large groups
- 40% avoid making small talk

Researchers analyzed the results to try to determine why some workers were more assertive than others. They determined that those with less severe hearing loss and no job setbacks (e.g. having been laid off or fired) were more assertive, and that degree of hearing loss and the occurrence of job setbacks affected the level of assertiveness about equally. They also noted that these two characteristics explained just a portion of observed differences in assertiveness and speculated that additional factors might include self-confidence, self-esteem, and the ability to recover from workplace adversities.

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-------------------- OHL Advocacy Wants YOU --------------------
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Got a pet peeve about some aspect of hearing loss?

Don't know where to turn to get an organization to
provide communications access?

Or maybe you just want to know what "OHL" means ;-)

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/OHLAdvocacy

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- Article 2: Over-the-Counter (OTC) Hearing Aids - Part 1
by Mark Ross, Ph.D.
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Editor: The topic of over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids is heating up again! There was a spike in interest last summer/fall with the Wall Street Journal article and petition to the Food and Drug Administration, and then things settled down again. Now I'm starting to see new activity on this issue.

Here with a dispassionate look at the topic is Dr. Mark Ross. We would be very interested in publishing responsible articles with additional points of view on this topic!

This article first appeared in the September/October 2004 issue of "Hearing Loss"; it is reprinted here with Dr. Ross' kind permission.

This is part one of four parts.

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Judging from the most recent edition of Audiology Today (May/June 2004), the issue of OTC hearing aids is still roiling the hearing aid industry, particularly the dispensing community. Its present incarnation began with a feature article in the March 24, 2004 issue of the Wall Street Journal. The article implicates the high cost of hearing aids as the most significant factor deterring people from obtaining hearing aids. The author then refers to two citizen petitions to the Food and Drug Administration: one to permit the sale of hearing aids over the counter and the other to eliminate the requirement that adults obtain a medical clearance before a hearing aid can be sold to them. (However, adults can now sign a waiver in lieu of the medical clearance. More about this later.)

The reasoning behind the petitions is the belief that the current cost of hearing aids (average about $2300) is effectively pricing many people out of the hearing aid market. The petitioners (Drs. Mead Killion and Gail Gudmundsen) believe that people with mild to moderate hearing losses can receive great benefit from a "one size fits most" type of hearing aid - one that is inexpensive and convenient to acquire. At the outset, it should be noted that neither of the petitioners believes, considering the services required for the professional fitting of a modern hearing aid, that hearing aids are currently overpriced. Rather, their stated intention is to broaden the hearing aid market to reach many people with hearing difficulties who are not currently receiving any help with personal amplification.

In this article, I'd like to review the pros and cons of this debate in as objective a fashion as I can. It's an issue that should be addressed, not only for its implications for those presently unserved, but for the entire hearing aid industry, particularly those who make their living dispensing hearing aids. Although much of the debate has been framed in black and white, often emotional terms, the issue is much more nuanced, with the possibility of self-interest always lurking somewhere underneath the surface. As the article proceeds, I'll also be discussing some of the associated concerns arising from the Wall Street Journal article and the two petitions.

It doesn't take too much research to discover that top-of-the-line hearing aids are expensive. Nobody, not even the people who dispense them, would dispute that. For example, one woman I know was quoted a figure of $10,000 for two hearing aids, with FM boots and microphone/transmitter included. A figure of this magnitude, even minus the cost of the personal FM system (which I recommend), will produce palpitations in most people, particularly those who are retirees on fixed incomes. At the dispenser level, the rationale underlying this pricing structure is that it takes time to test someone, fit the person with a hearing aid, and to provide the required follow-ups. As, indeed, it does. Whether and how often this high cost deters people from purchasing hearing aids is another question, and, despite a number of marketing surveys, no good answer is available. Common sense and numerous anecdotal reports suggest that asking people to lay out four or five thousand dollars for two hearing aids is going to be a deterrent. This also applies to people who would like to replace a current set of hearing aids with more modern ones, but are postponing the decision because of cost.

We should recognize that people do not purchase hearing aids for many reasons other than their high cost. Some people may not even be fully aware that they have a significant hearing loss (although their family and associates will certainly know). Others deny the hearing loss entirely, or believe that their degree of communication difficulty does not warrant the "drastic" step of wearing hearing aids. Still others find the notion that they are somehow "deficient" simply unacceptable and refuse to advertise their "infirmity" by wearing a visible hearing device. Indeed, many of these people would not wear hearing aids even if they were free of charge.

It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people are deterred from purchasing hearing aids by their cost. The results one could obtain from a potential survey would vary according to respondents and phrasing of the question. To arrive at the most accurate estimate, one would have to query only those people who acknowledge their hearing loss and are favorably inclined to purchase hearing aids, but for whom price is the primary obstacle. Then the researcher would have to determine the point at which these people would decide that the hearing difficulty they experience warrants the cost of reducing its impact. Given sufficient difficulty, cost becomes a lesser factor (witness people who acquire cochlear implants).

The major rationale given for OTC hearing aids is that by reducing their cost and making their acquisition more convenient, we can increase the proportion of people who use hearing aids compared to those who need them. Right now, this figure is about 20% and it has hovered around there for many years. As it happens, we really don't know how many people with hearing problems in this country (estimated to be between 20 and 28 million) can presumably benefit from amplification. All we know, by extrapolating from various studies, are the proportions of people who fail some predetermined hearing loss criteria, but we don't know how many can be considered hearing aid candidates. However, we do have a better idea of the number of people wearing hearing aids compared to the total number of people in the U.S. Using this calculation, we find that a little more than 2% of our population now wear hearing aids. However, regardless of the figure given and how it is computed, it is clear that many people with hearing loss are not now wearing hearing aids, with some unknown number being discouraged by their expense.

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Have the news delivered directly to your email-box!
The NADezine is short, 2x a month, and contains broad
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http://www.nad.org/eNewsletters

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- Article 3: Younger is Better When Implanting Cochlear Implants
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Editor: I had been under the impression that the Deaf community was gradually abandoning its opposition to cochlear implants, and were accepting the fact that parents have the right to decide what treatment is best for their children. But I recently saw the old argument that it's "wrong" to implant children, that the children should be able to decide for themselves (when they become adults) if they want a cochlear implant (CI) or not.

People within the hearing loss community know that it is much harder (and often impossible) for a prelingually deaf person who receives a CI to become adept at understanding speech. There's no doubt that a child who receives an implant generally achieves much better speech understanding than an adult who receives an implant. There's also a host of evidence that the younger a child is when he receives an implant, the better the outcome. Recent research at Indiana University confirms this observation, although the results raise some questions about the wisdom of implanting a child less than a year old.

Here's the press release.

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Deaf children who receive cochlear implants do better learning language and speech the younger they receive the implants, according to research by scientists at Indiana University School of Medicine.

However, it's not clear whether implanting children before they turn age one is worth the potential risks associated with such early surgeries, the researchers said. The work will be presented next week at a meeting of the Acoustical Society of America.

The study, by Mario Svirsky, Ph.D., professor of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, and Rachael Holt, Ph.D., post-doctoral fellow in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, also supports the theory that there is a "sensitive period" for optimal language development during the early years of life. In the study, the speed at which language was learned was greater for children who received cochlear implants earlier. The implants provide congenitally deaf children with a sense of hearing, but the children must learn how to interpret the sounds the implants provide. The researchers studied 96 children who received the implants in their first, second, third and fourth years of life, evaluating their progress with language skills and speech perception every six months. Those who received the implants earlier consistently performed better on tests of language skills -- learning vocabulary, grammar, and other such language rules -- and speech perception -- their ability to understand spoken words -- than did those who received the implants later. "Not only is earlier better, but we found that language gains tended to be faster for children who received cochlear implants earlier in life," said Dr. Svirsky.

However, children implanted before they turned one year old did not appear to do any better than those implanted during their second year. Infants as young as six months old have started receiving the implants, but there are potential risks associated with such early treatment, including the use of anesthesia and the difficulties in accurately diagnosing profound deafness. The findings regarding the youngest patients may be due to sample size, Dr. Svirsky said, because only just six of the patients were in the six-to-12-month age group.

The children's language development skills were tested with the widely used Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Speech perception was tested using the Mr. Potato Head Task, a technique developed by IU School of Medicine researchers in which an instructor covers his face with an opaque screen and asks the child to do various tasks with the toy.

The Svirsky and Holt study may help doctors and families decide when to proceed with a child's cochlear implant. It may also help answer a question that would otherwise require what Dr. Svirsky calls a "forbidden experiment" -- whether there's an age after which children have significantly more difficulty learning language and speech perception skills.

The experiment -- forbidden because it would be unethical -- would involve depriving children of all contact with language for different periods of time, then testing how well they were able to learn such skills afterward.

The study by Drs. Svirsky and Holt provides evidence that there's a sensitive period for language development that starts at about age two.

"It's not an exact model of development in children born with normal hearing. We restore imperfect hearing," said Dr. Svirsky. "This is an indirect way of exploring the issue of sensitive periods."

Although the younger children gained language development faster, Drs. Svirsky and Holt did not find a similar effect for speech perception skills. Gains in speech perception were more or less uniform for children implanted at any age before four. That suggests that if there is a sensitive period for speech perception, it may start later than age four, Dr. Svirsky said.

Drs. Svirsky and Holt will be presenting their findings Monday, May 16, 2005, at a joint meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the Canadian Acoustical Association in Vancouver, Canada. Their research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health.

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- Article 4: Noise May be Even More Health-Threatening Than You Think
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We all know that loud sounds can damage our hearing. But did you know that not-so-loud sounds can raise blood pressure, interfere with sleep, cause stress, etc? A recent article in the Dallas Morning News discussed some of the threats caused by our ever-noisier world. Here are some quotes from the article. For the full article, please point your browser to http://makeashorterlink.com/?O14B2221B

"In Europe, the World Health Organization estimates that about 40 percent of the population lives with a regular road noise level above 55 decibels (about the sound of a dishwasher). About 30 percent of people on the continent are exposed to nighttime levels high enough to disturb sleep."

"Data published in 2001 from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggested that 12.5 percent of children between ages 6 and 19 were already beginning to show signs of hearing erosion from excessive noise."

"Studies have found that test results of students living near railroad tracks or in airline flight paths were lower than those of students farther away."

"While most studies have concentrated on school-age kids, a study published last month found that noise could be slowing the language development of babies and toddlers."

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- Classifieds
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One Online Captioner and four Employment Opportunities appear in this issue. (Ads appear after this brief table of contents.)

CaptionsOnline
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Employment Opportunity 1
Various Positions
Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Philadelphia, PA

Employment Opportunity 2
Preschool Teacher for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
South Dakota School for the Deaf
Sioux Falls, SD

Employment Opportunity 3
Chief Executive Officer
DCARA
San Leandro, CA

Employment Opportunity 4
Several Positions Available
NVAD DHHARC
Various Locations in Nevada

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Employment Opportunity 1
Various Positions
Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Philadelphia, PA
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Classroom Teachers (all levels)

At least a Bachelor's Degree from an accredited college/university in a related field (preferably Deaf Education), Master's Degree candidates preferred. Serve a student population ranging from Early Childhood through Secondary. Each teacher is involved with other teachers and aides in curriculum planning and the implementation of instructional units. Work with other support personnel to provide an integrated and well-rounded instruction program for each student.

Special Education Teacher of the Deaf

At least a Bachelor's Degree from an accredited college/university in Special Education, M.A. Degree is preferred. Understanding and knowledge of multiple disabilities and development. Experience working with special education individuals (e.g., cognitively challenged, emotionally disturbed, pervasive developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, etc.) Work with other support personnel to provide an integrated and well-rounded instruction program for each student.

Speech/Communication Teacher

At least a Bachelor's Degree in the area of speech therapy, speech pathology, or related field. Master's Degree with CCC's preferred. Provide direct speech and communication services to students; the development and implementation of CERs and IEPs; conducing pre-enrollment evaluations and communicating regularly with the students' classroom teacher(s) and families.

ASL Specialist

Background in Linguistics, American Sign Language, Sign Language Studies/Deaf Studies, M.A. level preferred, minimum B.A. Knowledge of child language development. Experience with American Sign Language (ASL) evaluation of children and adults. (Knowledge of ASLPI preferred.). Experience working in a school environment and background in Deaf Education preferred. Works with ASL/Deaf Studies Teachers and classroom teachers to develop ASL/English dual language instructional programs and models.

Send letter of interest and resume to:
Jane Homka
Executive Secretary
The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
100 W. School House Lane
Philadelphia, PA 19144
215-951-4700 (voice)
215-951-4703 (TTY)
e-mail: jhomka@psd.org

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Employment Opportunity 2
Preschool Teacher for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
South Dakota School for the Deaf
Sioux Falls, SD
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Preschool Teacher for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
(9-month, full-time Faculty Unit Position to begin August 2005)

QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT:

1. Minimum of Bachelor's Degree.
2. Eligible for South Dakota Teacher Certificate with endorsement in "Birth-PK Education" or willing to work toward this certification.
3. Fluent in sign language.

MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES:

- Provide classroom instruction.
- Develop and maintain a classroom environment conducive to effective learning.
- Attend IEP meetings and other meetings required for the delivery of educational services.
- Provide relevant information and appropriate supportive services to parents.
- Participate in committees and other job related activities.
- Perform other duties as requested, which are pertinent to the effective and efficient operation of the program.

SALARY: To be determined by education and experience (1st year, bachelor- degreed teacher begins at $29,500).

APPLICATION DEADLINE: Applications will be screened as received and will continue to be accepted until position is filled.

SEND RESUME, TRANSCRIPTS AND THREE (3) WORK REFERENCES TO:

Office of Human Resources at the South Dakota School for the Deaf
2001 East 8th Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57103- 1899
(605) 367- 5200 (Voice/TDD) or (605) 367- 5209 (Fax)

COMMENTS:
- Incumbent will be required to undergo a background investigation and submit a certification of health signed by a licensed physician within 10 days after first being employed.
- Employment at SD School for the Deaf qualifies for cancellation of "Federal Perkins Loan" (see terms and conditions of promissory note).

The South Dakota School for the Deaf will provide reasonable accommodations to disabled applicants upon request. The South Dakota School for the Deaf does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age or disability in employment or the provision of service.

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Employment Opportunity 3
Chief Executive Officer
DCARA
San Leandro, CA
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Deaf Counseling, Advocacy & Referral Agency (DCARA) is a non-profit, community-based social service agency serving the Deaf community of the San Francisco Bay Area and 14 counties in Northern California. DCARA's mission is to promote self-determination, independence, and celebration of American Sign Language among a diverse Deaf community, regardless of their communication background, through its services and programs.

For the position of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), DCARA is seeking a strong and dynamic leader to build on over 40 years of continuous growth and evolution of the agency and maintain a staff that is stable and proud of the services they provide to the Deaf community, including Deafened, Deaf-Blind, and hard-of-hearing members. The CEO will report directly to the Board of Directors and will be responsible for all aspects of the agency's operations, programs, finances, and personnel. The CEO will also provide direction and leadership towards the achievement of the agency's philosophy, mission, strategies, and goals.

For further information on DCARA, visit www.dcara.org

DCARA is looking for a person of integrity with strong interpersonal skills who maintains effective partnerships with community, staff, and the Board of Directors. DCARA is also looking for an inspiring organizational leader who motivates and challenges the staff and community to continue growing.

The successful candidate will possess the following strengths:
- Solid track record in Deaf leadership and financial management
- Ability to recruit, manage, and team-build
- Positive outlook on Deafhood and American Sign Language (ASL)

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS:
- Fluency in ASL; ability to communicate with persons of all social, economic and language levels
- Strong background in social service programs for the Deaf
- Bachelor's degree; a major in a Deaf-related field and/or a Master's degree preferred
- Five years of experience in non-profit, community-based management and supervision of a large staff
- Professional experience with grant procurement, project management, and fundraising efforts

SALARY: Starting at $75,000; with excellent benefits

Each applicant will need to submit the following: resume, cover letter, application (available at www.dcara.org), and a 2-minute video (conducted in ASL) explaining her/his interest in this position. DEADLINE: WEDNESDAY, JUNE 15, 2005. Screened applicants must be willing to interview in person during late June. Travel expenses will be reimbursed.

Please e-mail complete application package to searchchair@dcara.org and mail the video to the attention of: Liz Brading, DCARA Search Committee Chair; 14895 East 14th Street, Suite 200; San Leandro, CA 94578

DCARA IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
POSTED: APRIL 29, 2005

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Employment Opportunity 4
Several Positions Available
NVAD DHHARC
Various Locations in Nevada
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Nevada Association of the Deaf (NVAD) Deaf and Hard of Hearing Advocacy Resource Center (DHHARC)

Come work in the Leadership Frontier
You'll be challenged and rewarded with real leadership experiences in Nevada.

ORGANIZATION: Nevada Association of the Deaf (NVAD) Deaf and Hard of Hearing Advocacy Resource Center (DHHARC) is a statewide advocacy, resource, telecommunications distribution, and direct service center offering advocacy, referral, and community education services throughout Nevada. The Headquarters is in Carson City with additional centers opening soon in Las Vegas (July 2005) and Reno (September 2006). DHHARC is an established, ongoing operation looking forward to this expansion in order to provide statewide services for Deaf and Hard of Hearing consumers and all Nevadans.

GENERAL INFORMATION:
Type of appointment: Full-time
Location: Positions available in Northern and Southern Nevada
Posting Date: April 20, 2005
Closing Date: May 20, 2005

POSITION: Regional Advocate (2)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Plan and coordinate outreach, advocacy, referral, and
telecomunications programs targeting Deaf and Hard of Hearing Nevadans.
SALARY: $33,000 to $38,000 DOE, plus customary benefits.
Additional information: http://www.hearinglossweb.com/res/emp/nvad_reg.htm

POSITION: Administrative Assistant/Interpreter (2)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Act as an interpreter for DHHARC staff; Assist, plan and coordinate outreach, advocacy, referral, and telecomunications programs targeting Deaf and Hard of Hearing Nevadans.
SALARY: $33,000 to $38,000 DOE, plus customary benefits.
Additional information: http://www.hearinglossweb.com/res/emp/nvad_aai.htm

POSITION: Telecommunication Equipment Distribution Program (TEDP) Coordinator (2)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: To coordinate a regional telecommunication equipment distribution program and conduct outreach and advocacy to Deaf and Hard of Hearing Nevadans.
SALARY: $33,000 to $38,000 DOE, plus customary benefits.
Additional information: http://www.hearinglossweb.com/res/emp/nvad_tedp.htm

TO APPLY:
All Applicants must submit a letter of interest, a resume, and three letters of reference to DHHARC at 111 West Telegraph Street, Suite #104, Carson City, NV 89703.

APPLICATIONS MUST BE RECEIVED BY 5:00PM ON OR BEFORE THE CLOSING DATE (5/20/2005).

Special Notes:
DHHARC selects applicants for employment based on job related knowledge, skills, and abilities without regard to race, color, gender, national origin, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, or political affiliation.

Screening of applications will be conducted on May 25, interviews with selected candidates June 3, 2005 in Carson City, Nevada. Selections will be announced on June 6, 2005.

For further information contact Executive Director/Advocate at DeafAdvocate4nv2@sbcglobal.net

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- Contact Information and Disclaimers
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